3.3.10Organic chemistry
Aromatic Chemistry
The structure of benzene, electrophilic substitution and directing effects.
- Year 2 (A-level)
- 3 lessons
- Exam practice and flashcards
- LESSON 1Structure of Benzene
Compare Kekulé's structure of benzene with the modern delocalised model. Understand key physical and thermodynamic evidence, including C-C bond lengths, reactivity, and enthalpy of hydrogenation.
- LESSON 2Electrophilic Substitution
Master the mechanisms of electrophilic substitution in benzene, focusing on nitration and Friedel-Crafts acylation. Learn the reagents, conditions, and catalysts required.
- LESSON 3Directing Effects
Explore how existing substituents on a benzene ring activate or deactivate the system, directing further electrophilic substitutions to the 2-, 3-, or 4-positions.